He aha te mahi peita o te motuka, he aha te matotoru o nga tauira rereke?
Tuhinga
Ko te tinana o te motuka te mea nui me te utu nui o te motuka. Ko ona waahanga he mea whakarewa whakarewa na te taatai, katahi ka honoa ki te katoa. Hei tiaki i te maitai mai i te waikura, ka whakamahia nga mahi peita a te motuka ki te tipu, te tikanga he peita. Ehara i te mea ko te tiaki anake, engari he ataahua, ataahua hoki te ahua. Ko te ora ratonga o te tinana me te motuka katoa ka whirinaki ki te kounga o te paninga, tona matotoru me te manaaki o muri.
Hangarau peita motuka i te wheketere
I te whakato, he maha nga waahanga o te mahinga peita hei whakarite i nga paerewa katoa. Ka whakatauhia e te kaihanga te matotoru o te peita, engari kei roto i te angamahi o nga whakaritenga me nga paerewa.
- Tuatahi, ka piauau te maitai o te pepa i nga taha e rua. Ka tiakina tenei mai i te waikura kia tupono ka pa te mate o te peita. Ma te awhina o te hiko hiko, ka uhia e nga ngota konutiki te konganuku, ka hanga i tetahi paparanga me te matotoru o te 5-10 miihini.
- Na ka tino horoia te mata o te tinana ka heke. Ki te mahi i tenei, ka toua te tinana ki te kaukau me tetahi kaihoko horoi, katahi ka rehuahia te otinga whakaheke. Whai muri i te horoinga me te maroke, kua rite te tinana mo te mahi ka whai ake.
- Muri iho, ko te tinana he phosphated he primed ranei. Ko nga momo tote phosphoror ka hanga i te papa phosphate whakarewa tioata. Ka tukuna ano he tiimatanga motuhake ki raro me nga kopere o nga wira, ka noho hei paruru ki nga patunga kohatu.
- I te waahanga whakamutunga, ka whakamahia te papanga peita ake. Ko te papa tuatahi he peita, ko te tuarua he wanihi, ka taea ai te piata me te pumau. I tenei keehi, ka whakamahia te tikanga hiko, e taea ai e koe te tono i tetahi paninga ara.
Kaore e taea te whakahoki ano i taua hangarau i waho o nga tikanga wheketere, no reira, ko te peita toi (ahakoa te kounga teitei) me te oro oro ranei ka huri i te matotoru o nga peita, ahakoa ki waho kaore e kitea. He tino tika tenei mo te hunga e hiahia ana ki te hoko motuka tawhito.
Nga waahanga o te peita i te tinana i te awheawhe
Ko te peita i te tinana katoa i roto i te awheawhe he nui te wa, he nui te utu. He mea tika ka pakaru rawa te peita, ka rereke ranei te tae. Ko te nuinga o nga wa, ko nga peita o te rohe tetahi o nga mea kua pakaru i mahia.
- I te waahanga tuatahi, kua rite te mata. Ko nga waahanga kaore e hiahiatia ana ka tangohia mai i te tinana (kakau, raina, panui whakapaipai, aha atu). Ka kumea nga wahi pakaru, ka horoia te mata, ka heke.
- Ko te mahi ka whai ake ka kiia ko te whakarite. Ko nga tohu o te waikura ka tangohia mai i te mata, ka tukuna te zinc phosphate, te whenua hāngū ranei. He kirikiri te mata, ka whakamahia he timatanga me te putty ki nga waahi kua pakaru. Koinei te waahanga whakarite kia nui te waa me te whakapau kaha.
- I te waahanga whakamutunga, ka peitahia te peita me te wanihi ma te whakamahi i te pu pupuhi rehu. Ka pania e te rangatira te peita ki etahi papanga, kia maroke. Na ka pania te mata, ka oro. Ka tiakina e te wanihi te peita mai i te houku, te whakamaarama ultraviolet me nga rapirapi paku.
Nga ngoikoretanga pea me nga kino
Whai muri i te peita, ka rere ake pea nga tini parekura ki runga. Ka wehea ki nga momo e whai ake nei:
- shagreen - he pouri e rite ana ki te kiri kua whakakakahu rawa;
- te pata - he uaua te tipu o te peita i te turuturutanga;
- mingimingi - korukoru auau;
- mōreatanga - rapirapi mai i te kino;
- whakauru - matūriki ke i te peita;
- nga atarangi rereke - nga rereke rereke o te peita;
- he porearea nga pores.
Kaore e taea te pupuri i nga peita motuka kia pai mo te wa roa. Ka taea e nga momo rereke te whakakore i tona pono. He uaua te rapu motuka neke atu i te rua tau te pakeke kaore he kino o nga mahi peita.
Ko nga mea e whai ake nei ka pa ki te papanga peita:
- te awangawanga o te taiao (te ua, te whatu, te ra, te rereketanga o te paemahana, nga manu, me etahi atu);
- matū (reagents i runga i te rori, waipiro waipiro);
- kino miihini (rapirapi, whiua kohatu, maramara, nga hua o te aitua)
Me whai te taraiwa i nga ture mo te tiaki i nga mahi peita. Ahakoa te muru i te kakahu maroke me te uaua ka waiho nga karawarawa iti ki te tinana. Ko te horoi kino me te horoi i nga wa katoa kaore e kitea.
Me pehea te aromatawai i te kounga
Ki te mehua i te kounga o te peita, ka whakamahia he kaupapa penei i te piripiri. Ko te tikanga mo te whakatau piringa kaore e whakamahia ana mo nga tinana anake, engari mo etahi atu papa e whakamahia ai te papa peita.
Ko te taapiri e mohiotia ana ko te aukati i nga mahi peita ki te tihorenga, ki te pupuhi me te wehe.
Ko te tikanga mo te whakatau piri. Ma te awhina o te heu he 6, ka tapahia nga tapahi hono me te whakapae ki te mata, ka hangaia he mata. Ko te mokowhiti i waenga i nga notches ka whakawhirinaki ki te matotoru:
- tae atu ki te 60 microns - waatea 1 mm;
- mai i 61 ki 120 microns - waatea 2 mm;
- mai i 121 ki 250 - waatea 3 mm.
Ka tapahia te peita ki te maitai. Whai muri i te whakamahinga o te mata, ka piri te taapiri piri ki runga. Ana, i muri i te tu mo te 30 hēkona, ka puta te riipii piripiri me te kore e pupuhi. Ko nga hua whakamatautau ka whakataurite kia rite ki te teepu. Tei katoa i te tohu o te flaking o te tapawha. Ko te piri ki te rima tohu. I te kore piri, me noho tonu te paninga, kia kore e pupuhi, kia pakohu ranei. Ko te tikanga ko te peita he kounga teitei.
He taputapu motuhake ano hei kawe i te whakamatautau - he mita piri. Ka taea e koe te whakarite i tetahi waa motuhake me te tuhi tika i te tukutuku.
Hei taapiri ki enei waahanga, he motuhake ano hoki:
- tohu mōhinuhinu o te peita;
- te taumata o te pakeke me te pakari;
- matotoru
Te matotoru o te paninga peita
Hei ine i te matotoru o te peita, ka whakamahia he taputapu inenga matotoru. Ka ara ake nga paatai: he aha me mohio koe ki te matotoru o nga peita peita ana he aha te motuka mai i te wheketere?
Ka hoko ana i tetahi motuka tawhito, ka whanganga i te matotoru o nga peita ka taea te whakatau i nga waahanga peita, na reira ka tautuhia nga waahanga o mua me nga ngoikoretanga kaore pea e mohiotia e te kaihoko.
Ko te matotoru o te peita e whangangahia ana i roto i nga miihini. Ko te matotoru o te wheketere mo nga motuka hou katoa kei roto i te 80-170 miihini. Ko nga tauira rereke he rereke nga taapiri, ka hoatu e matou ki te teepu i raro.
He aha te whakaaro ina ine ana
Ka whanganga i te matotoru o te peita, me whakaaro ki etahi tohu:
- Kia inehia nga waahanga ki runga i te papa ma me te kore paru.
- I etahi wa ka rereke nga ahua o te teepu i nga inenga pono. Hei tauira, me te paerewa 100-120 µm, ka whakaatuhia te uara 130 µm i tetahi rohe. Ehara tenei i te kii kua peita ano te waahanga. Ka manakohia tenei he.
- Mena he teitei ake te uara i te 190 microns, na, kua tika te tukatuka i tenei waahanga. Ko te 1% noa iho o nga motuka motuka he peita peita atu i te 200 microns. Mena ko te uara he 300 microns, ka tohu ko te ahua o te putty.
- Me timatahia nga inenga mai i te tuanui, na te mea kaore tenei rohe i te tuponotanga ka hangaia te peita i reira. Tangohia te uara o te hua hei taketake me te whakatairite ki etahi atu.
- Me maumahara ki runga i a koe mena kei runga i tetahi motuka hou, ka rereke pea te matotoru o nga rohe. He tikanga noa tenei. Hei tauira, ko te arai he 140 microns, ana ko te kuaha ko te 100-120 miihini.
- Ko te matotoru o nga mea o roto kaore i te neke atu i te 40-80 miihini, na te mea kaore e hiahiatia ana e enei papanga te tiaki atu i nga kohatu, i nga raakau kaha ranei.
- Ina koa tirohia nga waahanga o te tinana e tino pa ana ki nga paanga (peepi, peera, kuaha, aha atu).
- Ma te whakarereke e whakarereke te matotoru, engari ko te vinyl me etahi atu kiriata whakamarumaru ka piki te matotoru ki te 100-200 miihini.
He teepu peita peita i runga i nga motuka rereke
Muri iho, ka whakaatuhia e maatau nga teepu tauira motuka, nga tau hanga me te peita matotoru.
Acura, Alfa Romeo, Audi, BMW
| Hanga | Ko te tauira | Tau o te hanga / tinana | Te matotoru peita, microns |
| ACURA | TLX | IV 2008 | 105-135 |
| MDX | III 2013 | 125-140 | |
| RDX | III 2013 | 125-140 | |
| Alfa Romeo | Koriata | II 2010 | 170-225 |
| Talatupu'a | 2008 | 120-140 | |
| AUDI | А1 | 2010 - Nov (I) | 125-170 |
| Ko au | 2012 - nv (8V) | 120-140 | |
| Ko au | 2003–2013 (8P) | 80-100 | |
| S3 | 2012 - nv | 120-150 | |
| S3 Ka taea te huri | 2012 - nv | 110-135 | |
| А4 | 2015 - nv (B9) | 125-145 | |
| А4 | 2007–2015 (B8) | 120-140 | |
| А4 | 2004-2007 (B7) | 100-140 | |
| А4 | 2001-2005 (B6) | 120-140 | |
| S4 | 2012 - nv | 125-145 | |
| RS4 | 2012 - nv | 120-140 | |
| А5 | 2007 - nv | 100-120 | |
| S5 | 2011 - nv | 130-145 | |
| RS5 Ka taea te huri | 2014 - nv | 110-130 | |
| А6 | 2011 - nv (Q) | 120-140 | |
| А6 | 2004–2010 (C6) | 120-140 | |
| RS6 | 2012 - nv | 110-145 | |
| А7 | 2010 - nv | 100-135 | |
| RS7 | 2014 - nv | 100-140 | |
| А8 | 2010 - nv (04) | 100-120 | |
| А8 | 2003–2010 (D3) | 100-120 | |
| A8L | 2013 - nv | 105-130 | |
| S8 | 2013 - nv | 110-130 | |
| Q3 | 2011 - nv | 115-140 | |
| RS Q3 | 2013 - nv | 110-140 | |
| Q5 | 2008 - nv | 125-155 | |
| SQ5 | 2014 - nv | 125-150 | |
| Q7 | 2015 - nv | 120-160 | |
| Q7 | 2006-2015 | 100-140 | |
| TT | 2014 - nv | 100-115 | |
| TT | 2006-2014 | 105-130 | |
| A4 katoa | 2009 - nv. | 120-150 | |
| BMW | 1 hei | 2011 - nv (F20) | 120-140 |
| 1 hei | 2004-2011 (E81) | 100-140 | |
| 2 hei | 2014 - nv | 105-140 | |
| 3 hei | 2012 - nv (F30) | 120-130 | |
| 3 hei | 2005-2012 (F92) | 110-140 | |
| 3 hei | 1998-2005 (E46) | 120-140 | |
| 4 hei | 2014 - nv | 115-135 | |
| 4 hei cabrio | 2014 - nv | 125-145 | |
| 5 hei | 2010 - nv (F10) | 90-140 | |
| 5 hei | 2003-2010 (E60) | 130-165 | |
| 5 hei | 1995-2004 (E39) | 140-160 | |
| 6 hei | 2011 - nv (F06) | 120-145 | |
| 6 hei | 2003-2011 (E63) | 120-145 | |
| 7 hei | 2008-2015 (F01) | 100-130 | |
| 7 hei | 2001-2008 (E65) | 120-160 | |
| 6T | 2014 - nv | 160-185 | |
| Ml | 2011 - nv (F20-F21) | 110-135 | |
| Tuhinga o mua | 2015 - nv | 105-140 | |
| Tuhinga o mua | 2011 - nv | 105-135 | |
| M4 | 2014 - nv | 100-130 | |
| MS | 2010 - nv | 90-140 | |
| M6 | 2011 - nv | 100-130 | |
| X-1 | 2009-2015 (E84) | 115-130 | |
| X-3 | 2010 - nv (F25) | 120-130 | |
| X-3 | 2003-2010 (E83) | 90-100 | |
| X-3M | 2015 - nv | 100-120 | |
| X-4 | 2014 - nv | 120-130 | |
| X-5 | 2013 - nv (F15) | 100-125 | |
| X-5 | 2006-2013 (E70) | 140-160 | |
| X-5 | 1999-2006 (E53) | 110-130 | |
| X-6 | 2014 - nv (F16) | 120-165 | |
| X-6 | 2008-2014 (E71) | 110-160 | |
| X-5M | 2013 - nv (F85) | 115-120 | |
| X-5M | 2006-2013 (E70) | 140-160 | |
| X-6M | 2014 - nv (F86) | 120-165 | |
| X-6M | 2008-2014 (E71) | 110-160 | |
| Z-4 | 2009 - hou (E89) | 90-130 |
Maama, BYD, Cadillac, Changan, Chery, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Citroen
| Hanga | Ko te tauira | Tau o te hanga / tinana | Te matotoru peita, microns |
| Tuhinga o mua | H230 | 2014 - nv | 185-220 |
| H230 Hatchback | 2015 - nv | 165-195 | |
| H530 | 2011 - nv | 80-125 | |
| V5 | 2014 - nv | 170-190 | |
| BYD | F3 | 2006-2014 | 90-100 |
| CADILLAC | ATS | 2012 - nv | 115-160 |
| BL5 | 2005-2010 | 110-150 | |
| as | 2014 - nv | 105-160 | |
| as | 2007-2014 | 115-155 | |
| as | 2003-2007 | 120-150 | |
| piki | 2015 - nv | 140-150 | |
| piki | 2006-2015 | 135-150 | |
| piki | 2002-2006 | 120-170 | |
| SRX | 2010 - nv | 125-160 | |
| SRX | 2004-2010 | 110-150 | |
| CHANGAN | Edo | 2013 - nv | 130-160 |
| CS 35 | 2013 - nv | 160-190 | |
| Reaton | 2013 - nv | 120-140 | |
| KORERO | Takoha | 2011 - Nov (A13) | 100-125 |
| tino | 2011 - Nov (A13) | 100-125 | |
| India | 2011 - nv (S180) | 120-140 | |
| Tuhinga o mua | 2010 - Nov (A3) | 90-120 | |
| take | 2010 - Nov (A3) | 90-120 | |
| Karauna 3 | 2014 - Nov (A19) | 110-130 | |
| arizzo | 2014 - nv | 105-140 | |
| Amepeta | 2003–2013 (A15) | 110-120 | |
| Tigo | 2006–2014 (T11) | 120-140 | |
| Koe 5 | 2014 - nv | 110-130 | |
| CHEVROLET | Camaro | 2013 - nv | 190-220 |
| Rama mura | 2013 - nv | 115-140 | |
| whakawhiti | 2008 - nv | 155-205 | |
| Silverado | 2013 - nv | 120-140 | |
| tahoe | 2014 - nv | 120-145 | |
| tahoe | 2006-2014 | 160-180 | |
| Aroturuki | 2015 - nv | 115-150 | |
| Touka | 2010-2015 | 115-130 | |
| Epika | 2006-2012 | 90-100 | |
| Reihi | 2004-2013 | 110-140 | |
| lanos | 2005-2009 | 105-135 | |
| manu | 2012 - nv | 150-170 | |
| manu | 2006-2012 | 80-100 | |
| cruze | 2009-2015 | 135-165 | |
| Konukurahina | 2013 - nv | 115-200 | |
| Captiva | 2005-2015 | 115-140 | |
| Taumata | 2002 - nv | 100-140 | |
| Orlando | 2011-2015 | 115-140 | |
| Rezzo | 2004-2010 | 80-130 | |
| Tuhinga o mua | 300C | 2010 - nv | 120-150 |
| 300C | 2004-2010 | 160-170 | |
| Manene Nui | 2007 - nv | 155-215 | |
| PT - wakaurahi | 2000-2010 | 120-160 | |
| HE KORE | c4 pika | 2014 - nv | 120-140 |
| c4 pika | 2007-2014 | 110-130 | |
| Peke | 2007 - nv | 110-135 | |
| ou'a | 2007 - nv | 105-120 | |
| berlingo | 2008-2015 | 120-150 | |
| berlingo | 2002-2012 | 110-140 | |
| c3 pika | 2009 - nv | 85 -100 | |
| Xsara picasso | 2000-2010 | 75-120 | |
| C4 rererangi | 2012 - nv | 105-125 | |
| C-elysee | 2013 - nv | 105-145 | |
| C - Whakawhiti | 2007-2013 | 55-90 | |
| C4 tereina | 2011 - nv | 105-125 | |
| DS3 | 2010-2015 | 90-150 | |
| DS4 | 2012-2015 | 115-145 | |
| C1 | 2005-2015 | 110-130 | |
| C2 | 2003-2008 | 120-140 | |
| C3 | 2010 - nv | 90-120 | |
| C3 | 2002-2009 | 90-120 | |
| C4 | 2011 - nv | 125-150 | |
| C4 | 2004-2011 | 75-125 | |
| C5 | 2007 - nv | 110-130 | |
| C5 | 2001-2008 | 110-140 |
Daewoo, Datsun, Dodge, Fiat, Ford, Geely, Wall Nui, DFM, FAW, Haval
| Hanga | Ko te tauira | Tau o te hanga / tinana | Te matotoru peita, microns |
| DAEWOO | Nexia | 2008-2015 | 105-130 |
| Hue | 2000-2015 | 100-110 | |
| Gentra | 2013 - nv | 115-140 | |
| lanos | 1997-2009 | 105-135 | |
| MATUA | i runga i Do | 2014 - nv | 105-125 |
| mi Mahi | 2015 - nv | 105-125 | |
| HE TANGATA | Caliber | 2006-2012 | 120-160 |
| tira | 2007 - nv | 150-180 | |
| FIAT | Ma | 2004-2012 | 115-130 |
| Point | 2005-2015 | 110-120 | |
| rua | 2005-2014 | 105-135 | |
| Puta | 2007 - nv | 85-100 | |
| 500 | 2007 - nv | 210-260 | |
| Fremont | 2013 - nv | 125-145 | |
| whakangungu rakau | 2007 - nv | 90-120 | |
| RUA | Arotahi 3 | 2011 - nv | 120-140 |
| Arotahi 2 | 2005-2011 | 110-130 | |
| Arotahi 1 | 1999-2005 | 110-135 | |
| Arotahi ST | 2012 - nv | 105-120 | |
| shindig | 2015 – нв (mk6 RUS) | 120-150 | |
| shindig | 2008–2013 (mk6) | 110-140 | |
| shindig | 2001–2008 (mk5) | 85-100 | |
| hononga | 2002-2012 | 75-120 | |
| Eco - Hakinakina | 2014 - nv | 105-125 | |
| Escape | 2001-2012 | 105-145 | |
| Explorer | 2011 - nv | 55-90 | |
| Explorer Hakinakina | 2011 - nv | 105-125 | |
| Ao | 2015 - nv | 90-150 | |
| Ao | 2007-2015 | 115-145 | |
| Ao | 2000-2007 | 110-130 | |
| Maverick | 2000-2010 | 120-140 | |
| C-Max | 2010 – n.v | 90-120 | |
| C-Max | 2003-2010 | 90-120 | |
| S-Max | 2006-2015 | 125-150 | |
| tupuni | 2006-2015 | 75-125 | |
| Kuga | 2013 - nv | 110-130 | |
| Kuga | 2008-2013 | 110-140 | |
| Tuhinga | 2013-2015 | 105-130 | |
| Ranger | 2012-2015 | 100-110 | |
| Ranger | 2006-2012 | 115-140 | |
| Paahiko ritenga | 105-135 | ||
| paahitia | 2014 - nv | 105-125 | |
| paahitia | 2000-2014 | 105-125 | |
| Paahono hono | 2002-2013 | 120-160 | |
| Whakataetae | 2000-2012 | 150-180 | |
| Tourneo Ritenga | 2013 - nv | 115-130 | |
| Tourneo Hono | 2002-2013 | 110-120 | |
| Tuhinga | Emgrand x7 | 2013 - nv | 105-135 |
| Whakauru ec7 | 2009 - nv | 85-100 | |
| MK | 2008-2014 | 210-260 | |
| GC5 RV | 2014 | 125-145 | |
| Otaka | 2005 - nv | 90-120 | |
| Gc6 | 2014 - nv | 120-140 | |
| Puta Nui | Wingle 5 hou | 2007 - nv | 80-115 |
| M4 | 2013 - nv | 110-140 | |
| H5 hou | 2011 - nv | 90-105 | |
| H6 AT | 2013 - nv | 135-150 | |
| whakaparo | 2005-2010 | 130-150 | |
| Dfm | Rich | 2014 - nv | 60-125 |
| V25 | 2014 - nv | 80-105 | |
| Tinana | 2014 - nv | 80-105 | |
| Ripeka H30 | 2014 - nv | 115-130 | |
| S30 | 2014 - nv | 105-125 | |
| AX7 | 2014 - nv | 105-125 | |
| Tiki | V5 | 2013 - nv | 95-105 |
| Bestturn B50 | 2012 - nv | 100-120 | |
| Pai X80 | 2014 - nv | 115-140 | |
| Bestturn B70 | 2014 - nv | 125-150 | |
| HOA | H8 | 2014 - nv | 170-200 |
| H6 | 2014 - nv | 115-135 | |
| H2 | 2014 - nv | 120-140 | |
| H9 | 2014 - nv | 190-220 | |
| Kuga | 2013 - nv | 110-130 | |
| Kuga | 2008-2013 | 110-140 |
Honda, Hyundai, Mutu Kore, Jaguar, Jeep, KIA, Lada (ВАЗ), Land Rover, Rover, Lexus, Lincoln, Lifan, Mazda
| Hanga | Ko te tauira | Tau o te hanga / tinana | Te matotoru peita, microns |
| HONDA | Accord | 2013-2015 | 130-150 |
| Accord | 2008-2013 | 155-165 | |
| Accord | 2002-2008 | 130-145 | |
| CR-V | 2012 - nv | 95-125 | |
| CR-V | 2007-2012 | 80-100 | |
| CR-V | 2002-2007 | 90-120 | |
| Civic | 2012 - nv | 110-130 | |
| Civic | 2006-2012 | 90-130 | |
| Civic 4D | 2006-2008 | 115-140 | |
| Civic | 2000-2006 | 100-130 | |
| Kaiawhaka | 2011-2015 | 110-140 | |
| Whakauru | 2001-2008 | 85-100 | |
| Jazz | 2002-2012 | 85-100 | |
| Aria | 110-115 | ||
| Poutohu | 2008-2012 | 120-160 | |
| Pilot | 2006-2015 | 110-135 | |
| HYUNDAI | Whakauru | 2006-2015 | 110-130 |
| Elantra | 2006-2015 | 110-135 | |
| Elantra | 2012 - nv | 105-120 | |
| Elantra | 2015 – нв (mk6 RUS) | 120-150 | |
| Sonata | 2008–2013 (mk6) | 110-140 | |
| Sonata NF | 2001–2008 (mk5) | 85-100 | |
| Sonata | 2002-2012 | 75 -120 | |
| Tuhinga | 2014 - nv | 105-125 | |
| Rangatira | 2001-2012 | 105 -145 | |
| Genesis | 2011 - nv | 55-90 | |
| Genesis | 2011 - nv | 105-125 | |
| Tiki | 2015 - nv | 90-150 | |
| Matrix | 2007-2015 | 115-145 | |
| Santa Fe Tauhira | 2000-2007 | 110-130 | |
| Santa Fe | 2000-2010 | 120-140 | |
| Santa Fe | 2010 - nv | 90-120 | |
| Mahuatea | 2003-2010 | 90-120 | |
| Mahuatea | 2006-2015 | 125-150 | |
| Nui a Santa Fe | 2006-2015 | 75-125 | |
| Tūpato | 2013 - nv | 110-130 | |
| Tucson | 2008-2013 | 110-140 | |
| Tucson Hou | 2016 - nv | 90-120 | |
| Te whiti | 2012 - nv | 105-130 | |
| i20 | 2008-2016 | 100-120 | |
| i30 | 2012 - nv | 95-120 | |
| i30 | 2007-2012 | 100-130 | |
| i40 | 2012 - nv | 105-140 | |
| ix35 | 2010 - nv | 105-125 | |
| Tuhinga | QX70 / FX37 | 2008 - nv | 95-130 |
| QX80 / QX56 | 2010 - nv | 115-145 | |
| QX50 / EX25 | 2007 - nv | 115-125 | |
| Q50 | 2013 - nv | 130-140 | |
| QX60 | 2014 - nv | 120-140 | |
| FX35 | 2002-2008 | 110-120 | |
| JAGUAR | F-momo | 2013 - nv | 95-130 |
| S-momo | 1999-2007 | 130-180 | |
| X-Momo | 2001-2010 | 100-126 | |
| XE | 2015 - nv | 115-150 | |
| XF | 2007-2015 | 120-145 | |
| XJ | 2009 - nv | 85-125 | |
| HOKI | Porohita | 2011 - nv | 125-145 |
| Cherokee | 2014 - nv | 90-120 | |
| Cherokee | 2007-2013 | 120-140 | |
| Cherokee Matua | 2011 - nv | 80-115 | |
| Cherokee Matua | 2004-2010 | 110-140 | |
| Rubicon | 2014 - nv | 90-105 | |
| Wrangler | 2007 - nv | 135-150 | |
| KIA | Haere | 2012 - nv | 100-130 |
| Haere | 2006-2012 | 115-125 | |
| Ceed GT | 2014 - nv | 105-125 | |
| Cerato | 2013 - nv | 105-140 | |
| Cerato | 2009-2013 | 100-140 | |
| Optima | 2010-2016 | 115-130 | |
| mo Ceed | 2007-2014 | 110-125 | |
| Pikanto | 2011 - nv | 95-120 | |
| mohave | 2008 - nv | 110-130 | |
| Quoris | 2013 - nv | 150-180 | |
| Rio | 2005-2011 | 105-125 | |
| Rio | 2011 – n.v | 100-130 | |
| Spectra | 2006-2009 | 125-160 | |
| Toakaro | 2015 - nv | 100-135 | |
| Toakaro | 2010-2015 | 95-120 | |
| Toakaro | 2004-2010 | 100-140 | |
| Tuhinga o mua | 2009-2015 | 115-120 | |
| Tuhinga o mua | 2002-2009 | 115-150 | |
| Sorento Pirimia | 2015 - nv | 180-200 | |
| wairua | 2014 - nv | 100-120 | |
| wairua | 2008-2014 | 115-135 | |
| Haere mai | 2011 - nv | 105-125 | |
| VAZ Lada | 2107 | 2014 - nv | 120-140 |
| 2109 | 2002-2008 | 110-120 | |
| 2110 | 2013 - nv | 95-130 | |
| 2112 | 1999-2007 | 130-180 | |
| 2114-15 | 2001-2010 | 100-126 | |
| Tuhinga o mua | 2015 - nv | 115-150 | |
| Largus | 2007-2015 | 120-145 | |
| Viburnum | 2009 - nv | 85-125 | |
| Kalina 2 | 2011 - nv | 125-145 | |
| Kalina Hakinakina | 2014 - nv | 90-120 | |
| Kalina ripeka | 2007-2013 | 120-140 | |
| Ripeka Largus | 2011 - nv | 80-115 | |
| Kakauka | 2004-2010 | 110-140 | |
| Granta Hakinakina | 2014 - nv | 90-105 | |
| Granta Hatchback | 2007 - nv | 135-150 | |
| 4X4 Taumata 3d | 2012 - nv | 100-130 | |
| 4X4 Taumata 5d | 2006-2012 | 115-125 | |
| Vesta | 2014 - nv | 105-125 | |
| X-Ray | 2013 - nv | 105-140 | |
| Tuhinga o mua | Atawhai | 2009-2013 | 100-140 |
| Discovery | 2010-2016 | 115-130 | |
| Discovery | 2007-2014 | 110-125 | |
| Discovery Hakinakina | 2011 - nv | 95-120 | |
| RangeRover | 2008 - nv | 110-130 | |
| RangeRoverVogue | 2013 - nv | 150-180 | |
| Ranoe Rover Hakinakina | 2005-2011 | 105-125 | |
| Range Rover SVR | 2013 - nv | 130-170 | |
| Hurihia te Rover Evogue | 2011 - nv | 135-150 | |
| WHAKARAU | Tauira 75 | 1999-2004 | 130-150 |
| LEXUS | Т200h | 2011 - nv | 145-175 |
| ES | 2006 - nv | 140-145 | |
| GS | 2012 - nv | 160-185 | |
| GS | 2005-2012 | 120-160 | |
| GX | 2002 - nv | 125-150 | |
| IS | 2013 - nv | 150-185 | |
| IS | 2005-2013 | 170-190 | |
| IS | 1999-2005 | 110-120 | |
| LS | 2000 - nv | 125-150 | |
| LX | 1999-2005 | 140-145 | |
| NX | 2014 - nv | 135-165 | |
| RX | 2009-2015 | 115-150 | |
| RX | 2003-2009 | 140 -145 | |
| RX Hou | 2016 - nv | 125-135 | |
| Tuhinga | Navigator | 110-130 | |
| LS | 2004-2010 | 119-127 | |
| LIFANA | X60 | 2012 - nv | 85-105 |
| Tona | 2011 - nv | 95-110 | |
| Cellia | 2014 - nv | 75*100 | |
| solano | 2010 - nv | 95-110 | |
| Cebra | 2014 - nv | 90-110 | |
| MAZDA | 2 | 2007-2014 | 115-125 |
| 3 | 2012 - nv | 100-130 | |
| 3 | 2006-2012 | 115-125 | |
| 3 | 2014 - nv | 105-125 | |
| 5 | 2013 - nv | 105-140 | |
| 5 | 2005-2010 | 80-100 | |
| 6 | 2012 - nv | 80-110 | |
| 6 | 2007-2012 | 110-130 | |
| 6 | 2002-2007 | 100-140 | |
| CX-5 | 2011 - nv | 100-120 | |
| CX-7 | 2006-2012 | 85-120 | |
| CX-9 | 2007-2016 | 90-120 | |
| Tuhinga | 2000-2007 | 85-120 |
Mercedes-Benz, Mini, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Opel, Peugeot, Porsche, Renault, Saab, Noho, Skoda
| Hanga | Ko te tauira | Tau o te hanga / tinana | Te matotoru peita, microns |
| Mercedes-Benz | He akomanga | 2012 – n.v (w176) | 90-130 |
| He akomanga | 2004–2012 (w169) | 90-115 | |
| B-Class | 2011 – n.v (w246) | 90-115 | |
| B-Class | 2005–2011 (W245) | 90-110 | |
| C-Class | 2014 – n.v (w205) | 120-140 | |
| C-Class | 2007–2015 (W204) | 110-170 | |
| C-Class | 2000–2007 (W203) | 110-135 | |
| Akomanga CL | 2007–2014 (C216) | 100-140 | |
| Akomanga CL | 1999–2006 (C215) | 115-140 | |
| CLA - Akomanga | 2013 – n.v (S117) | 100-130 | |
| CLS - Akomanga | 2011 – n.v (W218) | 110-140 | |
| CLS - Akomanga | 2004 - inaianei (C219) | 115-130 | |
| CLK - Akomanga | 2002–2009 (W209) | 120-140 | |
| E - Akomanga | 2009–2016 (W212) | 110-140 | |
| E - Akomanga | 2002–2009 (W211) | 230-250 | |
| E - Taonga Klasse | 2010 - inaianei (C207) | 110-130 | |
| G - akomanga | 1989 – n.v (W463) | 120-140 | |
| GLA - Akomanga | 2014 – n.v | 90-120 | |
| GL - Akomanga | 2012 - inaianei (X166) | 90-100 | |
| GL - Akomanga | 2006–2012 (X164) | 120-140 | |
| GLE - Akomanga | 2015 – n.v | 120-150 | |
| WI - coupe akomanga | 2015 – n.v | 120-150 | |
| Akomanga GLK | 2008–2015 (X204) | 135-145 | |
| GLS - Akomanga | 2016 – n.v | 120-140 | |
| Akomanga ML | 2011–2016 (W166) | 100-135 | |
| Akomanga ML | 2005–2011 (W164) | 100-130 | |
| Akomanga ML | 1997-2005 (W-163) | 110-140 | |
| S-akomanga | 2013 – n.v (W222) | 110-120 | |
| S - akomanga | 2005–2013 (W221) | 80-125 | |
| S-akomanga | 1998–2005 (W220) | 110-140 | |
| Akomanga SL | 2011 – n.v (R231) | 105-120 | |
| vitus | 2014 – n.v (W447) | 100-130 | |
| Sprinter Tauhira | 2003 – n.v | 90-100 | |
| Kaiwhangai | 2008 – n.v | 80-100 | |
| MINI | Paceman | 2012 – n.v | 115-130 |
| Cooper | 2006-2014 | 105-115 | |
| Tuhinga | 2011 – n.v | 95 -120 | |
| Roadster | 2012 – n.v | 90-110 | |
| He Kaawamutu | 2010 – n.v | 100-120 | |
| MITSUBISHI | asx | 2015 – n.v | 100-135 |
| Carisma | 2010-2015 | 95-120 | |
| Colt | 2004-2010 | 100-140 | |
| 1200 | 2009-2015 | 115-120 | |
| L200Hou | 2002-2009 | 115-150 | |
| Maka 9 | 2003-2007 | 100 -120 | |
| Makahia X | 2007 – n.v | 95 -120 | |
| Outlander | 2008-2014 | 115-135 | |
| OutlanderXL | 2011 – n.v | 105-125 | |
| Outlander Samurai | 2014 – n.v | 120-140 | |
| pajero | 2002-2008 | 110-120 | |
| Pajero Hakinakina | 2013 – n.v | 95 -130 | |
| NISSAN | Almera | 2013 – n.v (G15) | 130-150 |
| Almera | 2000-2006 (N16) | 100-130 | |
| Almera Tauhira | 2006-2013 | 120-140 | |
| Bluebird Sylphy | 140 -160 | ||
| Juke | 2010-2016 | 115-135 | |
| Mikara | 2003–2010 (K13) | 100-120 | |
| Murano | 2008–2016 (Z51) | 95-110 | |
| Murano | 2002–2008 (Z50) | 105-160 | |
| Navara | 2005–2015 (D40) | 120-135 | |
| tuhipoka | 2005-2014 | 110-140 | |
| Pathfinder | 2014 – n.v | 100-120 | |
| Pathfinder | 2004-2014 | 135-175 | |
| Rōpū | 2010 – n.v | 110-115 | |
| Rōpū | 1997-2010 | 80 100 | |
| Primera | 2002-2007 (P12) | 90-110 | |
| Qashqai | 2013 - inaianei (J11) | 100-120 | |
| Qashqai | 2007–2013 (J10) | 110-135 | |
| Qashqi +2 | 2010-2013 | 110-140 | |
| Pokapū | 2012 – n.v | 100-120 | |
| Paa | 2014 – n.v | 100-130 | |
| Paa | 2008-2014 | 110-135 | |
| Paa | 2003-2008 | 110-130 | |
| Terano | 2014 – n.v | 115-155 | |
| Tiida | 2004-2014 | 120-140 | |
| Tiida Hou | 2015 – n.v | 100-110 | |
| X-tureke | 2015 – n.v | 100-130 | |
| X-tureke | 2007-2015 | 105-130 | |
| Karanui | 2008 – n.v | 170-185 | |
| OPEL | Astra OPC | J 2011–2015 | 120-155 |
| Astra GTC | J 2011–2015 | 115-140 | |
| Tohu OPC | ahau 2013–2015 | 105-150 | |
| Tohu SW | ahau 2013–2015 | 90-130 | |
| Corsa | 2010–2014 | 115-120 | |
| Zafira | 2005–2011 | 115-120 | |
| Tohu Hei | ahau 2008–2015 | 100-140 | |
| Astra | 2010–2015 | 125-140 | |
| Astra | H 2004-2015 | 110-157 | |
| Astra SW | J 2011–2015 | 120-160 | |
| Sedra Astra | J 2011–2015 | 110-130 | |
| Mocha | 2012-2015 | 110-130 | |
| Zafira kaitoro | C 2012-2015 | 95-135 | |
| Vector | C 2002-2008 | 110-160 | |
| Atu | 2006-2015 | 100-140 | |
| Omeka | 2008 | 100-112 | |
| PEUGEOT | 107 | 2005-2014 | 90-120 |
| 206 | 1998-2006 | 130-150 | |
| 206 Sedana | 1998-2012 | 120-152 | |
| 207 | 2006-2013 | 119-147 | |
| 208 | 2013 – n.v | 165-180 | |
| 2008 | 2014 – n.v | 140-160 | |
| 301 | 2013 – n.v | 105-130 | |
| 307 | 2001-2008 | 108-145 | |
| 308 | 2008-2015 | 100-120 | |
| 308 New | 2015 – n.v | 110-160 | |
| 3008 | 2009 – n.v | 100-145 | |
| 407 | 2004-2010 | 100-120 | |
| 408 | 2012 – n.v | 100-115 | |
| 4008 | 2012-2016 | 60-100 | |
| 508 | 2012 – n.v | 110-150 | |
| hoa | 2007 – n.v | 100-120 | |
| tohunga | 2007 – n.v | 95-115 | |
| RCZ | 2010 – n.v | 115-145 | |
| PORSCHE | Pouaka s | 2012-2016 (981) | 95-116 |
| Cayene | 2010 – n.v (988) | 120-140 | |
| Cayene | 2002-2010 (955) | 120-140 | |
| Makana | 2013 – n.v | 116-128 | |
| Panamera | 2009 – n.v | 110-140 | |
| Renault | Logan | 2014 – n.v | 130-155 |
| Logan | 2004-2015 | 120-150 | |
| sandero | 2014 – n.v | 130-155 | |
| sandero | 2009-2014 | 110-130 | |
| Sandero hikoi | 2010-2014 | 145-160 | |
| Megane | 2009 – n.v | 125-145 | |
| Megane | 2003-2009 | 115-135 | |
| Megane RS | 2009 – n.v | 170-240 | |
| Fluence | 2010 – n.v | 130-155 | |
| Clio | 2005-2012 | 130-150 | |
| tohu | 2008-2012 | 90-120 | |
| Laguna | 2007-2015 | 130-160 | |
| koleos | 2008-2015 | 130 - 150 | |
| Whakamutu | 2011 – n.v | 130-165 | |
| SAAB | 9-3 | 2002-2012 | 110-130 |
| 9-5 | 1997-2010 | 130-150 | |
| SEAT | Leon | III 2013 | 130 - 145 |
| Leon ST | III 2013 | 170- 200 | |
| Leon cupra | II 2009 | 130-160 | |
| Alhambra | II 2010 | 140-155 | |
| Ibiza | IV 2012 | 105-130 | |
| ŠKODA | Fabia | 2007-2015 | 130-155 |
| hātao | 2013 – n.v | 160-190 | |
| hātao | 2004-2013 | 160-180 | |
| Rapid | 2012 – n.v | 160-193 | |
| Roomster | 2006-2015 | 110-130 | |
| Yeti | 2009 – n.v | 140-180 | |
| Teitei | 2015 – n.v | 125-150 | |
| Teitei | 2008-2015 | 110-140 |
Ssang Yong, Subaru, Suzuki, Tesla, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo, ,
| Hanga | Ko te tauira | Tau o te hanga / tinana | Te matotoru peita, microns |
| SsangYong | Actyon | 2010 – n.v | 110-140 |
| Kiron | 2005 – n.v | 100-110 | |
| Rexton | 2002 – n.v | 120-150 | |
| SUBARU | BRZ | 2012-2016 | 110-160 |
| Tuhinga o mua | 2013 – n.v | 100-140 | |
| Tuhinga o mua | 2008-2013 | 105-140 | |
| Paati | 2012 – n.v | 110-140 | |
| Paati | 2005-2012 | 125-140 | |
| WRX | 2014 – n.v | 85-130 | |
| WRX-STI | 2005-2014 | 115-150 | |
| Legacy | 2009-2014 | 110-140 | |
| Legacy | 2003-2009 | 110-115 | |
| Outback | 2015 – n.v | 110-130 | |
| Outback | 2009-2014 | 115-130 | |
| XV | 2011 – n.v | 110-155 | |
| Tribeca | 2005-2014 | 140-170 | |
| SUZUKI | SX4 | 2006-2016 | 120-135 |
| SX4 Hou | 2013 – n.v | 115-125 | |
| Swift | 2010-2015 | 115-135 | |
| orara | 2014 – n.v | 90-120 | |
| Vitara Nui | 2005 – n.v | 95-120 | |
| Jimmy | 1998 – n.v | 100-130 | |
| Pakaru | 2008-2015 | 90-115 | |
| Tesla | Tauira S | 2012 – n.v | 140-180 |
| TOYOTA | Pokapu | 2015 – n.v | 100-140 |
| Pokapu | 2008-2014 | 105-135 | |
| Auris | 2012 - inaianei (E160) | 100-130 | |
| Auris | 2007-2012 (E140) | 115-130 | |
| Paanui | 2009–2015 (T260) | 80-120 | |
| Paanui | 2003–2009 (T240) | 80-110 | |
| Pūtau | 1999–2006 (T230) | 120-145 | |
| Ko te Camry | 2011 – n.v (XV50) | 120-145 | |
| Ko te Camry | 2006–2011 (XV40) | 125-145 | |
| Ko te Camry | 2001–2006 (XV30) | 120-150 | |
| Corolla | 2013 - inaianei (E170) | 100-130 | |
| Corolla | 2006-2013 (E150) | 90-110 | |
| Corolla | 2001-2007 (E120) | 100-130 | |
| Corolla Hatchback | 2010 – n.v | 110-140 | |
| Corolla Hoki | 2005 – n.v | 100-110 | |
| Rexton | 2002 – n.v | 120-150 | |
| GT86 | 2012-2016 | 110-160 | |
| hilux | 2013 – n.v | 100-140 | |
| Tuhinga o mua | 2008-2013 | 105-140 | |
| Tuhinga o mua | 2007–2014 (U40) | 135-150 | |
| Riu Whenua 100 | 1997-2007 | 110-135 | |
| Riu Whenua 200 | 2007 – n.v | 120-160 | |
| Land Cruiser Prado 120 | 2002-2009 | 80-110 | |
| Land Cruiser Prado 150 | 2009 – n.v | 110-135 | |
| in | 2009-2015 | 80-110 | |
| in | 2003-2009 | 110-120 | |
| Rawa 4 | 2013 – n.v | 115-140 | |
| Rawa 4 | 2006-2013 | 80-110 | |
| Rawa 4 | 2000-2005 | 80-100 | |
| Rene | 2009 – n.v | 120-160 | |
| Ki | 2012 – n.v | 175-210 | |
| yaris | 2005-2011 | 80-95 | |
| Sienna | 115-125 | ||
| Fortuner | 110-125 | ||
| Volkswagen | Amarok | 2010 – n.v | 115-135 |
| pokai namu | 2013 – n.v | 150-220 | |
| Bora | 1998-2005 | 120-145 | |
| Paipa | 2009-2015 | 105-135 | |
| korowha | 2013 – n.v (MkVII) | 100-130 | |
| korowha | 2009–2012 (MkVI) | 80-120 | |
| korowha | 2003-2009 (MkV) | 120-140 | |
| korowha | 1997-2003 (MkIV) | 120-140 | |
| Pluse Korowha | 2009-2014 | 120-140 | |
| Jetta | 2011 – n.v (MkVI) | 140-155 | |
| Jetta | 2005-2011 (MkV) | 120-140 | |
| Waana maha | 2015 – n.v | 90-135 | |
| Passat | 2015 – n.v (B8) | 180-220 | |
| Passat | 2011-2016 (B7) | 110-130 | |
| Passat | 2005-2011 (B6) | 120-140 | |
| CC o mua | 2008 – n.v | 120-130 | |
| Sirocco | 2009-2016 | 125-145 | |
| tauhaa, | 2013 | 115-130 | |
| Polo | 2014 | 110-130 | |
| Sedan polo | |||
| Tiguan | 2011 | 190-220 | |
| Touareg ranu | 2014 | 180-200 | |
| Touareg | 2013 | 130-215 | |
| Tourana | |||
| Kaituku | |||
| Kaapahi | |||
| Volvo | C30 | 2013 | 105-140 |
| S40 | |||
| V40 | |||
| V50 | |||
| S60 | 2003 | 110-130 | |
| S60 | II 2011 | 95-115 | |
| V70 | |||
| S80 | 2013 | 105-140 | |
| XC60 | 2013 | 115-135 | |
| XC70 | 2013 | 105-140 | |
| XC90 | 2013 | 115-135 | |
| Gas | Cyber | 2008 | 90-105 |
| 31105 | 2006 | 80 | |
| Hapa | |||
| Gazelle | |||
| Gazelle Panuku | |||
| UAZ | Hunter | ||
| Patriot |
Ngā tohutohu tiaki
I te toharite, ka whakawhiwhia e te kaiwhakanao he 3-tau te roa mo te peita peita, engari he maha nga nuances kaore pea e taka ki raro i nga tikanga. Na reira, me tika te tiaki i te paninga. No reira ka roa te wa. Anei etahi tohutohu:
- kaua e horoia atu te paru maroke ki te kakahu maroke;
- kaua e waiho te motuka i raro i te ra mo te wa roa, he kino te hua o te rama ultraviolet ki te peita, ka memeha;
- he purapura purara e whakaputa ana i te kapara, ka tarai i te peita ka wera ana, kaua e waiho he motuka ki raro i nga papara;
- he tino korikori nga kukupa kukupa a ka koroke hoki te peita;
- kia rite tonu te whakamahi i tetahi kaupapa whakamarumaru pera i te karaihe wai, ma tenei e hanga he papa taapiri
- kaua e kaha ki te oro whakatoi, na te mea ka tangohia tenei i nga microns o te paninga;
- ata whakahaere i te waka, kaua e warua ki nga manga, etc.
Ko te peita, peera i te tinana, tetahi o nga mea tino utu o te motuka. Ko nga ahuatanga o nga peita ka taea te whakaatu mo te motuka. Ko te ine tika i te matotoru me te aromatawai i te ahuatanga o te peita, ka awhina i te whakatau ki te hoko motuka.
Nga Utai me nga Whakautu:
Kia pehea te matotoru o te peita i runga i te waka? Ko te peita wheketere mo nga tauira motuka katoa he 90 ki te 160 microns te matotoru toharite. Ka hono tenei me te koti tuatahi, te peita turanga me te parani.
Me pehea te ine tika i te matotoru o te peita? Mo tenei, ka whakamahia he ine matotoru. Hei whakatau tika i te paparanga o te peita katoa i te wa e hoko ana koe i tetahi motuka whakamahia, me tirotiro koe i te matotoru i roto i nga waahi maha o te motuka (te tuanui, nga tatau, nga kaitarai).
E hia nga microns i muri i te peita? Kei runga i te aha te take o te peita. Mena ka whiua te miihini, he paparanga putty. Ka tohu te ine matotoru i te matotoru o tenei paparanga (ka whakatau i te tawhiti ki te whakarewa).
